2025 Renewable Power Trade Outlook


  • Marlene Motyka, Kate Hardin, and Carolyn Amon, 2024 Renewable Energy Outlook, Deloitte Insights, Dec. 4, 2023.


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  • Deloitte analysis of Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), “Energy infrastructure update for September 2024,” Nov. 29, 2024.


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  • Ibid.


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  • Ibid.


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  • US Energy Information Administration (EIA) monthly energy review, “Electricity net generation: Electric power sector,” table 7.2b, November 2024.


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  • EIA, “Short-term energy outlook data browser table 7e: US electric generating capacity,” Nov. 13, 2024.


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  • EIA, “Utilities report batteries are most commonly used for arbitrage and grid stability,” June 25, 2024.


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  • EIA, “Short-term energy outlook data browser table 7e: US electric generating capacity,” Nov. 13, 2024.


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  • Ed Crooks, “Home energy storage booms in the United States,” Wood Mackenzie, April 15, 2024.


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  • Deloitte analysis of Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), “Powering intelligence: Analyzing artificial intelligence and data center energy consumption,” May 28, 2024; S&P Global Market Intelligence, “2024 US datacenters and energy report,” May 2024; S&P Global Market Intelligence, “Datacenters and energy 101: Powering through renewable intermittency,” October 2024; Chris Seiple, “Gridlock: The demand dilemma facing the US power industry,” Wood Mackenzie, October 2024; T. Bruce Tsuchida et al., “Electricity demand growth and forecasting in a time of change,” Brattle, May 2024; and Whitney Jones et al., “The landscape of carbon dioxide removal and US policies to scale solutions,” Rhodium Group, April 10, 2024.


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  • Deloitte analysis of Seiple, “Girdlock”; and Tsuchida et al., “Electricity demand growth and forecasting in a time of change”.


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  • Deloitte analysis of EPRI’s “Powering intelligence”; and S&P’s “2024 US datacenters and energy report”, “Datacenters and energy 101: Powering through renewable intermittency”.


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  • Deloitte analysis of Whitney Jones et al., “The landscape of carbon dioxide removal and US policies to scale solutions”.


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  • United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), “Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund,” accessed Nov. 27, 2024; The White House, “Biden-Harris administration announces historic US$20 billion in awards to expand access to clean energy and climate solutions and lower energy costs for communities across the nation,” press release, April 4, 2024.


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  • Diana DiGangi, “Clean energy a ‘big winner’ as Fed cuts interest rates more than expected,Utility Dive, Sept. 19, 2024.


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  • Kelsey Tamborrino and Jessie Blaeser “Supporters of Biden’s climate law urge Republicans not to kill it—pointing to all the jobs,” Politico, Nov. 7, 2024; and Atlas Public Policy data as of Oct. 24, 2024; Republican National Convention Platform, “2024 GOP platform: Make America great again!” p.11, accessed Dec. 5, 2024.


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  • Congress.gov, “Section 1863 of Providing Reliable, Objective, Verifiable Emissions Intensity and Transparency Act of 2024,” Jan. 25, 2024; Section 3198, “To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to impose a fee on certain products imported into the United States based on the pollution intensity associated with the production of such products, and for other purposes,” 118th Congress, first session, Nov. 2, 2023; Emma Dumain, “Climate trade bills may get momentum under Trump,” E&E News by Politico, Nov. 19, 2024.


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  • Deloitte analysis of FERC, Department of Energy Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management, company websites, and trade press, “US liquefaction capacity,” June 6, 2024.


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  • Deloitte analysis of S&P’s “2024 US datacenters and energy report” and “Datacenters and energy 101”.


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  • Deloitte analysis of S&P’s “2024 US data centers and energy report”.


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  • E. Massnet, N. Lei, and J. Koomey, “To better understand AI’s growing energy use, analysts need a data revolution,” Joule 8, No. 9 (2024).


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  • Deloitte analysis of EPRI “Powering intelligence: Analyzing artificial intelligence and data center energy consumption,”; S&P “2024 US data centers and energy report”; and Chris Seiple, “Gridlock: The demand dilemma facing the US power industry”.


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  • Deloitte analysis of US Census Bureau data on seasonally adjusted monthly private construction spending through October 2024.


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  • Trevor Gibson et al., “Decoding decarbonization: A Utility Handbook,” US Department of Energy (DOE), National Renewable Energy Laboratory, and Smart Electric Power Alliance, February 2024.


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  • Deloitte analysis of S&P’s “2024 US data centers and energy report”.


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  • S&P Global Market Intelligence, “2024 US data centers and energy report”.


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  • Naureen S. Malik, “Sunrun in talks to supply solar power to data centers, CEO says,” Bloomberg, Oct. 26, 2024.


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  • Michael Puttré, “Hydrogen-powered data center planned for Texas,” pv magazine USA, Sept. 25, 2024; Emma Penrod AEP, “Bloom Energy 1-GW fuel cell deal to power data centers would set new record,” Utility Dive, Nov. 18, 2024.


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  • US DOE, “DOE announces US$11 million in high-voltage direct current transmission projects,” Nov. 4, 2024.


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  • Grid Deployment Office, DOE, “Grid Resilience and Innovation Partnerships Program,” August 2024.


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  • Lazard, “Levelized Cost of Energy+,” June 2024.


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  • Heather Clancy, “How Google and Nucor are sourcing round-the-clock clean power,” Trellis, July 15, 2024. 


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  • Caitlin Flanagan, “Clean Transition Tariffs: An innovative way to accelerate power sector emission reductions,” Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, Aug. 20, 2024.


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  • US DOE, “Regional Clean Hydrogen Hubs,” accessed Nov. 3, 2024.


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  • Emily Pontecorvo and Robinson Meyer, “Hydrogen tax credit rules will be done by the end of the year,” Heatmap, Oct. 1, 2024.


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  • Siri Hedreen, “Hydrogen industry expects emissions rules for US subsidies to loosen under Trump,” S&P Global, Nov. 12, 2024.


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  • Tina Casey, “Green hydrogen ad long duration energy storage makeover planned for colossal Superfund site,” CleanTechnica, accessed Dec. 3, 2024.


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  • Grid Deployment Office, DOE, “Grid Resilience and Innovation Partnerships Program”.


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  • US DOE, “Silicon Solar Manufacturing and Dual-use Photovoltaics Incubator funding program,” accessed Dec. 3, 2024; Emiliano Bellini, “All solar cell efficiencies at a glance—updated,” pv magazine, Nov. 21, 2024.


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  • Nico Portuondo, “House passes second geothermal bill in a week,” E&E News by Politico, Nov. 20, 2024; US DOE, “Enhanced geothermal systems pilot demonstrations,” accessed Dec. 3, 2024.


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  • Dan Swinhoe, “Meta signs geothermal energy deal to power data centers in US,” Data Center Dynamics, Aug. 27, 2024.


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  • John Egan, “Houston geothermal company picks up power purchase agreement in California,InnovationMap, July 4, 2024.


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  • Deloitte analysis of DOE’s “United States Energy and Employment report 2024,” Oct. 1, 2024.


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  • LinkedIn, “Global green skills report 2024,” accessed Dec. 4, 2024.


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  • Deloitte analysis of DOE’s “United States Energy and Employment report 2024”.


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  • LinkedIn, “Global green skills report 2024”.


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  • Deloitte analysis of data from USEER and the Atlas Public Policy Clean Economy Tracker. Electric power generation employment includes utilities, construction, manufacturing, wholesale trade, professional businesses and services and other services jobs. Hiring difficulty chart is based on normalized composite scores of weighted response categories from USEER’s 2024 state public survey data covering electric power generation, energy efficiency, fuels, motor vehicles, and transmission, distribution, and storage. Cleantech manufacturing jobs data includes original production, processing, manufacturing, assembly, and recycling in the battery, electric vehicle, solar and wind energy, transmission and grid, hydrogen, minerals, and heat pump sectors.


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  • Akshat Rathi, Natasha White, and Demetrios Pogkas, “More companies ditch junk carbon offsets but new buyers loom,” Bloomberg, Oct. 24, 2024.


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  • Ibid.


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  • CDR.fyi, “Home page,” accessed Dec. 3, 2024.


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  • Ibid.


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  • Isabella O’Malley, “Carbon removal industry calls on U.S. government for regulation in new industry report,” AP News, Oct. 23, 2024.


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  • The White House, US Department of Treasury, US DOE, and US Department of Agriculture, “Voluntary carbon markets joint policy statement and principles,” May 2024; United Nations Climate Change, “COP29 agrees international carbon market standards,” Nov. 12, 2024.


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  • Deloitte analysis of International Energy Agency’s (IEA) Carbon capture, utilization, and storage project database.


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  • US DOE, “Biden-Harris administration announces up to US$1.2 billion for nation’s first direct air capture demonstrations in Texas and Louisiana,” Aug. 11, 2023.


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  • US DOE, “DOE explains … direct air capture,” accessed Dec. 3, 2024.


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  • Corbin Hiar, “Project Bison fails. What’s next for the carbon removal megaproject?E&E News by Politico, Sept. 5, 2024.


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  • IEA, “Carbon capture, utilization, and storage projects database,” March 2024.


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  • US DOE and Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management, “Primer on carbon dioxide removal credits,” October 2024.


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  • Ted C. Fishman, “The AI boom rests on billions of tonnes of concrete,” IEEE Spectrum, Oct. 30, 2024.


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